Efecto del etiquetado de semáforo en el contenido nutricional y el consumo de bebidas gaseosas en Ecuador / Effect of traffic-light labeling on nutritional content and on consumption of carbonated beverages in Ecuador / Efeito da rotulagem nutricional com modelo de semáforo no consumo de refrigerantes no Equador

RESUMEN Objetivo El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del etiquetado de semáforo nutricional en las compras de bebidas gaseosas y en su contenido nutricional en Ecuador. Métodos Se utilizaron dos bases de datos: la primera fue proporcionada por la Agencia Nacional de Regulación, Control y Vigilancia Sanitaria del Ecuador y la segunda se obtuvo de la empresa internacional de investigación de mercados Kantar World Panel. Se hizo un análisis antes-después de la introducción del etiquetado de semáforo con pruebas t de Student para evaluar cambios en las medias del contenido nutricional y de las compras de bebidas gaseosas y se usaron métodos de regresión lineal múltiple para evaluar cambios en las compras debido a la introducción del etiquetado de semáforo. Resultados El consumo promedio per capita de bebidas gaseosas se redujo después del etiquetado en 0,003 L/mes, que es un valor de pequeña magnitud en relación con el consumo promedio per capita (1,678 L/mes). Los resultados de las pruebas t de Student indicaron que esta diferencia no fue estadísticamente diferente de cero. Además, con los análisis de regresión tampoco se encontraron pruebas empíricas de que el etiquetado de semáforo haya afectado el consumo de bebidas gaseosas. Con relación al contenido de azúcar, se observó una reducción promedio de 0,93 gr/100 ml de bebida. Conclusiones No se encontraron pruebas empíricas de que la implementación del etiquetado de semáforo haya cambiado los hábitos de compra de bebidas gaseosas en Ecuador, pero sí de que disminuyó el contenido de azúcar de las bebidas gaseosas en el país.

SUMMARY Objective To evaluate the effect of "traffic-light" nutritional labeling on the purchase of soft drinks and on their nutritional content in Ecuador. Methods Two databases were used: the first was provided by Ecuador's National Agency for Health Regulation, Control, and Surveillance; the second was obtained from the international market research company Kantar World Panel. A before/after study was conducted of introducing traffic-light labeling, using Student's t-tests to evaluate changes in average nutritional content and the purchase of soft drinks. Multiple linear regression methods were used to evaluate changes in purchases resulting from the introduction of traffic-light labeling. Results After labeling, average per capita consumption of soft drinks declined by 0.003 L/month--a small change with respect to average per capita consumption of 1.678 L/month. The results of the Student's t-tests indicated that this difference was not statistically significant. Furthermore, the regression analyses found no empirical evidence that traffic-light labeling affected soft drink consumption. With regard to sugar content, an average reduction of 0.93 gm/100 ml of beverage was observed. Conclusions No empirical evidence was found that implementation of traffic-light labeling changed soft-drink purchase habits in Ecuador, but there is evidence that it reduced sugar content in carbonated beverages in the country.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o efeito da rotulagem nutricional com modelo de semáforo na compra e no teor nutricional dos refrigerantes no Equador. Métodos As informações foram obtidas do banco de dados da Agência Nacional de Regulamentação, Controle e Vigilância Sanitária do Equador e do banco de dados da Kantar World Panel, empresa internacional de pesquisa de mercado. Foi feita uma análise do tipo antes-depois da introdução da rotulagem com modelo de semáforo. Foram usados testes t de Student para avaliar a variação nas médias do teor nutricional e na compra de refrigerantes e métodos de regressão linear multivariada para avaliar a variação na compra com a introdução da rotulagem com modelo de semáforo. Resultados Foi observada uma redução de 0,003 litro/mês no consumo médio per capita de refrigerantes com a introdução da rotulagem, que representa um valor pequeno em relação ao consumo médio per capita (1,678 litro/mês). Os resultados dos testes t de Student indicaram que esta diferença não foi estatisticamente diferente de zero. As análises de regressão também não forneceram evidências empíricas de que a rotulagem com modelo de semáforo tenha influído no consumo de refrigerantes. Com relação ao teor de açúcar, foi verificada uma redução média de 0,93 g por 100 ml de bebida. Conclusões Não foram observadas evidências empíricas de que a implantação da rotulagem nutricional com modelo de semáforo alterou os hábitos de compra de refrigerantes, porém houve uma diminuição no teor de açúcar destas bebidas no Equador.

¿Existe un espacio para los análogos de la incretina como terapia para el sobrepeso, la obesidad y la prevención de la enfermedad cardio-metabólica? / Is there a space for incretin mimetics as a therapy for excess weight, obesity and cardiometabolic disease prevention?

Introducción: En las últimas décadas se ha producido un aumento progresivo de la enfermedad cardiovascular, convirtiéndose en la principal causa de mortalidad en el mundo y especialmente en los países de Latinoamérica, a pesar de haberse identificado los factores de riesgo cardiovascular prevenibles y que explican alrededor del 90% de la causalidad de un infarto de miocardio y de un accidente cerebrovascular. Por tanto, es necesario implementar las acciones que permitan controlar los factores de riesgo cardiovascular incluyendo sobrepeso y obesidad. Objetivo: Revisar el efecto que tienen los análogos de los receptores del GLP-1, entre ellos la liraglutida, en el control de factores de riesgo cardiovascular, particularmente del sobrepeso y la obesidad y en la consecuente prevención de la enfermedad cardiovascular. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de la evidencia con operadores booleanos y referencias cruzadas en base de datos MEDLINE, LILACS y Google Scholar. Conclusiones: Los análogos de los receptores de GLP-1 pueden ser una alternativa farmacológica para el manejo del sobrepeso, la obesidad y contribuir en la prevención de la enfermedad cardiovascular, aunque todavía quedan interrogantes sobre el beneficio de su uso en nuestro medio.

Introduction: During the last decades there has been a gradual increase of cardiovascular diseases, who have become the main cause of death in the world and especially in Latin American countries, despite having identified preventable cardiovascular risk factors that explain around 90% of myocardial infarctions and cerebrovascular accidents. Therefore, it is require to implement actions that will allow to control cardiovascular risk factors, including being overweight or obese. Motivation: To review the effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists, including liraglutide, in controlling cardiovascular risk factors, particularly excess weight and obesity and the subsequent prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Methods: Evidence were searched by means of boolean operators and cross references in databases MEDLINE, LILACS and Google Scholar. Conclusions: GLP-1 receptor agonists can be a pharmacological alternative to control excess weight and obesity, and may help in preventing cardiovascular disease, though some questions remain regarding the benefits of its use in our field.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Affects Sleep Quality in Snoring Obese Children / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

PURPOSE: This study was performed to evaluate the quality of sleep in snoring obese children without obstructive sleep apnea (OSA); and to study the possible relationship between sleep interruption and gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in snoring obese children. METHODS: Study subjects included 13 snoring obese children who were referred to our sleep lab for possible sleep-disordered breathing. Patients underwent multichannel intraluminal impedance and esophageal pH monitoring with simultaneous polysomnography. Exclusion criteria included history of fundoplication, cystic fibrosis, and infants under the age of 2 years. Significant association between arousals and awakenings with previous reflux were defined by symptom-association probability using 2-minute intervals. RESULTS: Sleep efficiency ranged from 67-97% (median 81%). A total of 111 reflux episodes (90% acidic) were detected during sleep, but there were more episodes per hour during awake periods after sleep onset than during sleep (median 2.3 vs. 0.6, p=0.04). There were 279 total awakenings during the sleep study; 56 (20.1%) of them in 9 patients (69.2%) were preceded by reflux episodes (55 acid, 1 non-acid). In 5 patients (38.5%), awakenings were significantly associated with reflux. CONCLUSION: The data suggest that acid GER causes sleep interruptions in obese children who have symptoms of snoring or restless sleep and without evidence of OSA.

Estado nutricional y características socioepidemiológicas de escolares chilenos, OMS 2007 / Nutritional status and socio-epidemiological features of schoolchildren, WHO 2007

Introducción: Actualmente, las cifras chilenas de obesidad infantil están dentro de las más altas del mundo. Objetivo: describir el estado nutricional de los escolares de Quilpué evaluados y su relación con variables demográficas y socioeconómicas. Pacientes y Método: Se analizó el estado nutricional (OMS, 2007) de 1091 escolares a partir de las mediciones de talla y peso obtenidas en el Programa Piloto de Salud Escolar llevado a cabo en los colegios de la Corporación Municipal de Quilpué a los alumnos entre kínder y cuarto básico. Se usaron las bases de datos de dicho programa y del Sistema Nacional de Asignación con Equidad (SINAE) para las variables de previsión de salud e índice de vulnerabilidad escolar (IVE), respectivamente, y a través de un cuestionario realizado en las escuelas se obtuvieron el número de horas de educación física, el tipo de colaciones y la presencia de quiosco. Resultados: Un 26,3% de los escolares tenían obesidad y un 27,7% sobrepeso. La obesidad fue más frecuente en niños (32,3%) que en niñas (20,1%; p < 0,01), en tercero básico (31,8%; p = 0,01), si las colaciones eran libre decisión de los padres (26,7%; p < 0,01) y si existía quiosco escolar (26,3%; p = 0,01). No se encontraron diferencias significativas según el nivel socioeconómico para el índice de masa corporal (IMC), pero los niños más vulnerables (colegios municipalizados, con elevado IVE, y Fondo Nacional de Salud de Chile [Fonasa] grupo A) obtuvieron menores promedios de talla y mayores porcentajes de desnutrición crónica (talla < -2 DE). Conclusiones: En este estudio se encontró una elevada prevalencia de obesidad que apunta a la necesidad de estrategias de control e intervención nutricional en la etapa escolar (durante la cual, una vez finalizado el Control del Niño Sano ya no se realizan más controles), teniendo en cuenta los sectores más vulnerables.

Introduction: Current Chilean childhood obesity figures are within the highest in the world. Objective: To describe the nutritional status of Quilpué schoolchildren and its relationship with demographic and socioeconomic variables. Methods: The nutritional status (OMS 2007) of 1091 schoolchildren was assessed using measurements of height and weight obtained in the "Pilot School Health Program" conducted in the schools of the Municipal Corporation of Quilpué, which included pupils from kindergarten to 4th grade. The program described above, as well as SINAE databases, were used for the Healthcare and School Vulnerability Index (SVI) variables, respectively, as well as the the number of hours of physical education, type of lunches, and the presence of vendors at school, were obtained using a questionnaire in schools. Results: Obesity was observed in 26.3% of students, and a further 27.7% were overweight. Obesity was more frequent in boys (32.3%) compared to girls (20.1%) (P<.01); in third grade (31.8%) (P=.01); if lunches were parental choices (26.7%) (P<.01); and with the presence of school vendors (26.3%) (P=.01). No significant differences in socioeconomic status regarding BMI were found, but the most vulnerable children (municipal schools, high SVI, Fonasa A healthcare) had lower average height and higher rates of chronic malnutrition (height <-2 SD). Conclusions: A high prevalence of obesity was found in this study, which highlights the need for monitoring and nutrtional intervention strategies at school age (which once finalized, the Healthy Child Surveillance does not carry out any more controls), taking into account the most vulnerable sectors.

Comparison of modifications of intra-abdominal fat between low calorie diet alon and low calorie diet with exercise in Korean women

BACKGROUND: Obesity and its complicatians are increasing as social ecanamic standard of living is improving and life style has been changing in Korea. There is growing evidence that the visceral/subcutaneous adipose tissue area ratio (VSR) on computed tomography (CI) is closely related to the obesity camplications. Therefore, it is important to determine whether the VSR reduction is praduced during weight loss. The purpose of this study was to observe and campare the amount of reduction of intraabdaminal fat between low calorie diet (LCD) alane and LCD with exercise. METHODS: Sixty obese females were randomly prescribed a LCD alone or a LCD with exercise. Thirty obese females were treated with a LCD of 1,000kcal/d for 8 weeks (group A). Another thirty obese females were treated with a LCD of 1,000kcal/d combined with supervised aerobic exercise for 8 weeks (group B). Weight, height, BMI, and body fat distribution were measured in all subjects immediately before and after 8 weeks of this study. The body fat distribution was assessed by CT, by which the total abdaminal adipose tissue area (AT), subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAT), intra-abdominal adipose tissue (VAT), and visceral/subcutaneous adipose tissue area ratio (VSR) were measured at the level of the umbilicus. A venous blood sample was taken after an overnight fast to determine lipid, glucose, and insulin concentrations in all subjects before and after 8 weeks of this study. RESULTS: Body weight, BMI, CI' measurement of total (AT), visceral (VAT), and subcutaneous (SAT) fat were found to be decreased significantly in the two groups. The VSR of the group A did not change after weight loss. In contrast, the VSR of the group B decreased significantly (P<0.05) during weight loss. Fasting plasma glucose and total cholesterol levels significantly decreased in the both groups (P<0.001). Fasting plasma insulin and triglyceride levels significantly decreased in the group B, but not in group A. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the VSR decreased significantly in group B, but not in group A. Fasting plasma insulin and triglyceride levels decreased significantly in group B, but not in group A. These results suggest that the LCD with exercise is more effective in reducing expected complications of obesity than LCD alone.